The accurate determination of in-water upwelled (E) and downwelled (E) spectral irradiances and upwelled spectral radiance (L) require adherence to strict calibration and measurement protocols. NASA sponsored a workshop (8--12 April, 1991) to establish calibration standards, protocols, and sampling strategies for ocean optical measurements to be used for SeaWiFS baseline algorithm development and system validation. Calibration and measurement protocols for JGOFS EqPac cruises will follow those protocols. This document gives a brief overview; for a more detailed review refer to the proceedings (Mueller and Austin, 1991) from that workshop. There are two major sources of measurement errors in determining E, E and L; (1) the perturbation of the in-water radiant energy field caused by the ship and (2) the estimation of quantitative corrections for atmospheric variability in the radiant energy incident on the surface during the in-water measurements. To correct for these potential problems the following protocols will be followed during the transect and time series cruises.
Participants:
Transect Cruises: Spring: Charles Trees (CHORS) Fall: Daniel Sullivan (CHORS) James Aiken (PML, U.K.) Ian Bellan (PML, U.K.) Time Series Cruises: Spring: Curtiss Davis (JPL) Fall: Joseph Rhea (JPL) Joseph Rhea (JPL) Michael Hamilton (JPL)
Dr. James Aiken will deploy his towed multi-sensor Undulating Oceanographic Re-corder (UOR), which measures downwelled and upwelled spectral irradiance (cosine collectors), fluorescence and beam transmission (660 nm) during its undulations from near surface to ca 70 meters. The UOR irradiance sensors will be calibrated at CHORS before and after each cruise. In addition, a partial characterization of the sensors will be performed to document their cosine responses, immersion factors, linearity and spectral responses.
QA/QC: CHORS Calibration Facility has a complete capability for characterizing and calibrating environmental radiometers, following the procedures described in the NASA report (Mueller and Austin, 1991). These procedures have been routinely applied to our own equipment, as well as characterizing and calibrating ocean radiometer systems for NOARL, the Naval Oceanographic Office and Dalhousie University (Dr. Marlon Lewis' expendable L meter). We have cross-checked MER instrument calibrations with Dr. Ken Voss at the University of Miami and with Biospherical Instruments, Inc. and realized agreements in irradiance calibrations within <5 % with both, and also agree with the University of Miami for radiance within <5 %. In 1989, we compared a Multispectral Airborne Radiometer System radiance calibration using our facilities, with a calibration performed at Goddard Space Flight Center, and obtained agreement within 5 %.